Factors Affecting Kidney Function

Factors Affecting Kidney Function Kidney Diseases and end stage renal failure are not isolated to affecting just the kidney. All organs are affected by the disruption through Kidney disease and similarly other organs will also affect the kidney and how it functions. The following five diseases show the impact they have on the kidney, its function and pathophysiology. 2. HIV/AIDS Renal complications in patients with HIV/AIDS can be either as a result of the long-term repetition of, or simultaneous infections in an immune suppressed patient or as a result of the many drugs (nephrotoxins) used to treat the HIV/AIDS virus. The exact role that the HI-Virus plays in the pathology of the kidney is still controversial (James, 2005:1632-1633). There are a number of kidney diseases identified by means of biopsies associated with HIV, the most predominant one being HIV-associated Nephropathy. Others are Mesangial Glomerulonephritis where immune deposits are seen, to a lesser degree also minimal change disease, TTP/HUS, Amyloidosis and Lymphoma (Dolin, 2008:1257). It was shown that the type of nephropathy was also clearly defined by race, such being that people of Black African origin predominantly showed HIV-associated nephropathy whereas in other racial groups immune complexes played the major role (James, 2005:1632-1633). In a study done by Tygerberg hospital in conjunction with Stellenbosch university it has shown that 54% of biopsies done on Black HIV positive patients show HIV nephropathies, in the USA this figure shows that it is the 3rd most common cause of end stage renal failure (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011). In HIV-associated nephropathy there is sclerosis of the Glomerular apparatus as well as microcystic tubulointerstitial disease which is defined by the enlargement of the tubules with protein deposits in the tubular space as well as oedema in the surrounding tissue, fibrosis and inflammation (Dolin, 2008:1257). Where kidney involvement is due to immune complex deposits the entire nephron is involved; this can be as a direct result of infection from the virus or alternatively due to the release of cytokines when first infected with HIV (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy accessed 19/03/2011). Treatment forms include transplantation, which can however, pose problems with regard to medication interactions between antiretroviral drugs and immunosuppressants, furthermore a high rate of rejection as well as a high risk of cardiovascular disease post transplant are a problem (Trullas [in press]) Treatment consists of slowing the process to ESKD and treating the HIV infection with antiretroviral drugs, further treatment with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension, possibly immunosuppressant drugs or steroids and dialysis if kidney failure progresses to chronic (Greenberg, 2009:254) 3. Malaria There are four types of malaria parasites; the one that is generally known to show manifestations in other organs including the kidney is Plasmodium falciparum. There are over 500 million people infected with this parasite worldwide with an annual death rate of between 1-3 million. There are over 100 countries worldwide in which malaria is prevalent and many of these countries have reported a 0.57- 60% acute renal failure as a result of malaria. It has also shown that the acute renal failure associated with malaria is more common in adults than children in the tropics where transmission of malaria is low or unstable and where symptomatic disease occurs at all ages (Idonije, 2011:4-7) Acute renal failure occurs in a very small percentage of the cases infected, however the mortality rate can be as high as 45%. (Saroj, 2008:395) The exact pathophysiology of Malarial Acute Renal Failure is not known but there are many theories as to how the kidney is affected, namely through obstruction and adherence of the vascular space by disease affected and thus altered erythrocytes, this is known as erythrocyte sequestration. Further, immune complexes may be responsible for changes in the glomerular and tubular physiology. Dehydration due to sweating, vomiting and reduced fluid intake can lead to reduced perfusion of the kidney with ischemia resulting in acute kidney failure. Pulmonary oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome and anaemia are all factors that may complicate the malarial acute renal failure. Treatment options include the identification of the involvement of the kidney early on which may be difficult especially in home based treatment in the rural environment, renal replacement therapy (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), anti malarial drugs, intravenous fluid replacement (although this may lead to pulmonary oedema and must be closely monitored), diuretics which may reduce the time the patient requires dialysis, possible blood transfusion to help replace fluids as well as assist with the malaria induced anaemia and the avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs (Das, 2008:83-97). Mortality of patients increases with: high Creatine levels, oliguria/anuria, anaemia CNS involvement and late referral to a tertiary care center for early commencement of treatment, age plays no role in the mortality of these patients (Kanodia, 2010:1088-1091). 4. HUS/TTP There are three reasons for thrombocytopenia namely due to platelet destruction as in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), failure of platelet production as in malignancies and platelet sequestration (Underwood, 2009:585) TTP and HUS are both thrombotic microangiopathies and both are characterised by the deposition of clots in the small vessels of various organs, amongst these being the Kidney. There is a large clinical overlap between the two (Underwood, 2009:670). HUS is an acute disorder often following a haemorrhagic or diarrhoeal illness. It is characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, which is caused due to an increase in fibrin in the vessels and this fibrin network damages the erythrocytes causing anaemia. It has been established that HUS is associated with viral and bacterial infections especially in children (McCance, 2010:1408). Both HUS and TTP are linked to pregnancy related acute kidney failure but it is a rare occurrence. If they occur then HUS generally occurs postpartum whereas TTP is linked to preeclampsia and occurs pre delivery (Greenberg, 2009:410). The toxin released from a bacterium such as E. coli causes inflammation when it attaches to the wall of the intestine and from here enters the vascular system. It finds its way to the kidney where it causes damage both in the glomerular and tubular system through thrombosis, and inflammation and thus kidney failure. This infection may also cause fever, hypertension, cerebral and pulmonary oedema, congestive heart failure and seizures (Lerma, 2009:289). TTP on the other hand is caused by blockage of the small vessels through the accumulation of platelets causing vascular lesions in the central nervous system, heart and kidney causing organ failure or malfunction (Underwood: 2009:671). There are two types of TTP, one is chronic relapsing TTP which is rare and the other is idiopathic relapsing TTP. This is a lot more severe in its course and can be fatal within 3 months if left untreated (McCance, 2010:1046). Treatment for diarrhoeal related HUS is generally supportive, fluid-electrolyte replacement, blood transfusion and dialysis if needed. Recovery rate is high but there is a 3-5% mortality rate during the acute phase (DAgati, 2005:498) Glomerular involvement HUS has a better prognosis than HUS with a high vascular involvement. Compared to HUS, the TTP has less haemolysis and milder renal impairment but shows more neurological symptoms such as confusion, headache and motor and sensory defects. Treatment for TTP takes the form of plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma. Since the implementation of this therapy form the mortality rate has dropped by approximately 25% but with severe renal involvement it still has a poor prognosis. It may re-occur in 25% of the patients who have been successfully treated (DAgati, 2005:511). 5. HELLP Syndrome HELLP Syndrome is an acronym for Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets and is generally found in pregnant woman who have developed preeclampsia or eclampsia (Gould, 2006:120). Symptoms are Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, elevated liver enzymes are due to obstruction of the hepatic vessels by fibrin deposits and the low platelets are the result of either increased use of or the destruction of platelets (Counts, 2008:168). HELLP Syndrome may only develop during labour and as with preeclampsia the best cure is the delivery of the baby. Severe bleeding is unlikely unless platelet counts are very low (below 50 000/mm3). Severe thrombocytopenia or rupture of a subcapsular liver haematoma can both be life threatening (Ratcliffe, 2008:493) Many signs and symptoms such as jaundice, hematuria, GIT bleeds, gum bleeds can be seen in pregnant woman which are related to HELLP but could be mistaken for other diseases such as Hepatitis, ulcers, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, TTP or HUS so a full blood count is important to differentiate HELLP from other diseases (Queenan, 2007:275) HELLP Syndrome is one of the Thrombotic Microangiopathies as is TTP and HUS but as it is a result of preeclampsia it only occurs during pregnancy and then usually only in the third trimester. Preeclampsia is more common than TTP/HUS during pregnancy but with a lower risk of renal failure unless the case is a severe one. HELLP syndrome shows mild disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) which is characterised by uncontrolled coagulation, increase in bleeding time and liver enzymes (Greenberg, 2009:410) It can be potentially fatal to the expectant mother, decrease perfusion of placenta thus threatening the foetus (Counts, 2008:168) with a mortality rate of up to 24% for the mother and 7.7 60% to the unborn due to intrauterine asphyxia, placenta detachment or extreme prematurity (Feehally, 2007:350). In some instances symptoms do not improve after birth but generally the best therapy is the delivery of the baby. Corticosteroids may be used to help hasten the recovery and reduce the need for blood products (Feehally, 2007:350). Treatment is generally symptomatic; the stasis of any bleeding, blood products if a significant amount of blood was lost or is still likely to be lost without intervention, and the same applies for FFP. A cryoprecipitate may be given if the fibrinogen levels are low (for example Factor VIII from frozen blood) and fibrinolysis inhibitors may be considered in some patients (McPhee, 2009:474-475). 6. Rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis is due to damage of muscle cells as a result of a variety of factors and can become a life-threatening problem (McCance, 2010:1575). As a result of the damage of muscle cells, its contents (myoglobin, enzymes, potassium and phosphorus) leak into the blood stream. The kidneys secrete myoglobin as myoglobinuria in the urine (Lerma, 2009:109). Muscle cell damage can be due to a variety of reasons and amongst others are: Trauma, extreme exercise, seizures, compromised blood flow, electrolyte disturbances (such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia), drugs, temperature (hyperthermia, burns), inflammation and infections. Clinically this disease can vary from mild, with slightly elevated serum levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase (CK) to severe with the necessity for renal replacement therapy. Incidence of acute kidney failure due to rhabdomyolysis is as high as 5-15% (Greenberg, 2009:298-299). Renal insuffiency is due to the excessive amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney resulting in tubular injury and is generally also associated with hypovolaemia (McPhee, 2009:742). Large amounts of myoglobin may clog the nephrons with these being overwhelmed and may produce casts which will also cause obstruction in the tubules. Hypovolaemia is due to not only a decrease in fluid intake but also due to large amounts of fluid accumulating in the damaged muscle tissue (Counts, 2008:162-163). Decreased renal blood flow, hypovolaemia and acid urine all are signs that acute tubular necrosis is likely (Lerma, 2009:109). Treatment consists of hydration with high volumes of preferably IV fluids to increase the intravascular fluid volume, thus increase the perfusion of the kidneys and forcing diuresis, reducing the risk of cast formations in the tubules and increasing the GFR. In severe cases of rhabdomyolis the use of mannitol and bicarbonate to improve urine pH as well as high fluid volumes of up to 12l/24hours have proven beneficial, Dialysis may need to be commenced if urinary output remains low and with urea and hyperkalemia not responding to conservative treatment (Greenberg, 2009:302). Fluid administration must be carefully monitored, as there is a risk of pulmonary oedema in the face of acute kidney failure. The mannitol will assist in myoglobin clearance and urine flow and thus assist with the reduction of the nephrotoxicity of the myoglobin. CK levels will drop over a period of a few days provided there is no further injury to the muscle. Hypocalcemia is generally not treated in these instances, as the calcium tends to accumulate in the injured tissue (Lerma, 2009:112). 7. Conclusion Many external factors and diseases with origins elsewhere in the body, easily affect the kidney in its function. The above five diseases showcase just a small percentage of the many diseases and dysfunctions which affect the kidney in a multitude of ways and gives us an insight of just how important an organ it is.

Purpose of satisfying the audience Essay

   On the other hand this is effective because it appeals to the audience and influences their views on Lohan, because it appeals to the audience making them envious of her. In the article from ‘Cosmopolitan’ Jennifer is more in control and has a more appropriate picture for her target audience which is women from 20-30 where as the picture from ‘sugar’ is suited for young adults from 13-17. The image of Jennifer is natural and has a sharp focus with a light background to make her stand out more. Jennifer looks like the glamorous one as she says that she no longer has to try hard to please others. This is because her hair is tied back just like herself tied away from the publicity. Her hair is tidy and neat like herself and it is unlike Lindsay’s hair. Lopez is also smiling at you being more welcoming and approachable whereas Lindsay looks rebellious and standoffish which gives â€Å"Cosmopolitan† readers a good impression. The article meets the purpose of entertaining the audience using imagery. The purpose of Lohan’s article is to introduce Lindsay and make the target audience who are teenagers, more drawn in and interested in Lindsay’s life t. The tag which is a piece of small text that tells you about the article, works in favour of promoting both celebrities. In Lindsay’s case; â€Å"†¦ an alleged love for booze and bad boys†¦ Lindsay’s not your average Hollywood A-lister†¦ â€Å". â€Å"Sugar† uses quick chatty informal language and the use of â€Å"booze† which is colloquial language. It also uses words like â€Å"nope† and â€Å"stuffin† helps to sell and promote her. When ‘sugar’ uses these types of phrases appeals to teenagers who tend to read quick easy and short texts. Whereas in Lopez’s article the use of formal words like â€Å"speculation† and â€Å"identifies† and longer sentences are appropriate to entertain and satisfy the audience which are adults. They are more effective to the target audience making them feel the magazine is made just for them, but advertising the celebrities at the same time. The articles are trying to publicize Jennifer and Lindsay by putting a positive light on them. Both the articles satisfy the audience because they tell you about an everyday situation and problem. For example the celebrity’s love life but it is more alluring because it is based and happening to a celebrity and it is easier to compare with our own lives. In Lindsay’s situation it’s all about her wanting a boyfriend, however in Lopez’s view it’s more about her former boyfriends and the fact that now she’s at the age where she doesn’t need men, which appeal to adults. The text is in favour of Lindsay, we can see this because the article talks about her life and the gossip talk that teenagers are interested in. â€Å"a reported fling with Fred durst (well who hasn’t? ) The article is talking about Lindsay’s relationship, they point the finger at Fred making it seem normal to go out with different boys, saying what Lindsay is doing is right. Which is a popular subject in teenage talk, appealing to the target audience? There is a great contradiction with her wanting to be normal. ‘Sugar’ says â€Å"Hollywood clones sport blonde hair, spray on tans and skinny bods†¦ And, well, normal figure† here sugar says that Lindsay stands out because she doesn’t look like other celebrities. She is no longer a red head or has a curvy figure but looks like a Hollywood clone. This is effective to the audience because the target audience are being entertained with this contradiction. She no longer stands out or is not normal in her figure and looks. The anchorage which is a small piece of text at the bottom of a page next to Lohan’s picture, gives an extra feature which supports the view of Lohan being important. â€Å"Apparently Colin Farrell turned down the lovely Lindsay when did he get so fussy† The anchorage is pointing the finger at Farrell, making him look bad but in my view it just makes Lindsay look more desperate and in need of promotion. Farrell is a celebrity known for his popularity for dating all girls. Whereas Jennifer Lopez doesn’t seem to need it, because she has so many years of experience in the celebrity light. The desperation of Lindsay Lohan is more apparent now because she looks like another Hollywood clone, she’s become skinny and blonde just like her friend Paris Hilton ( a popular super model) from looking healthy uniquely beautiful to skinny and blonde. In other words selling herself more then she needs to. She is contradicting herself because in the article when she’s asked about dieting she says â€Å"NO!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ its sad how people have become so aware of how they look†, but now she’s completely changed herself. The two articles entertain, inform and sell the celebrities lives in a positive light and satisfy the audience using imagery and words appealing to the target audience. In Lohan’s case she is promoting herself to please her target audience using colloquial language and sorter text. Whereas in Lopez’s article, it refers to her love life and puts her in a positive light towards her target audience. Using longer words, formal language and text. The type of language and the length of the text suits and satisfies the different audiences.

The Ultimate How to Write a Paper in College Trick

The Ultimate How to Write a Paper in College Trick Extremely affordable essay writing services can be your very first alert your paper is going to be written by somebody who's not worth your trust. All things considered, writing skill is more challenging than speaking. One of the most significant skills people start looking for is the capability to communicate effectively through writing. A feeling of confidence will overpower you, and you'll start to compose your paper accordingly. The Start of How to Write a Paper in College You will discover a few straightforward procedures to begin constructing your document. You may be able to find far more information from a different source. Such way of examining sources will be especially handy for my upcoming writing. Finding proper sources played an important role in the practice of composing. The format is straightforward and easy. Creating a structure or plan is excellent college info for virtually any task you encounter, not merely writing papers. You may require that you compose a great planning of text only back. When placing the order, you are going to have the possibility to select spacing. Nobody writes an ideal first draft. Then you can return and look specifically to see in the event that you just missed the response to the question, or in the event that you actually must go ask for an answer to the question. Should you have questions. Well, for those who have a complicated question that is. You have to convince your reader a movie may be an accurate portrayal of its decade, even in the event the setting was in a different period of time. It's crucial that you've got a particular point you would like to make about what type of person you're, what type of college student you'd make, or what the experience you're describing taught you. You should advise your kid to start far enough in advance in order that they'll have lots of time. Now you can obtain an important quantity of time to do anything you want, especially rest after a hard academic moment. The How to Write a Paper in College Stories Being assigned to compose an order an expert whom you may write term paper. The trick to writing your very first draft isn't to be concerned about whether it's any good just get something on paper and go from that point. One of the greatest moments is the one in which you understand that you wrote a fantastic paper and you don't need to be worried about it ever again. Reading examples of the kind of paper your professor expects you to write can be quite beneficial. As stated earlier here are a few sample outlines for research papers. Regrettably, it's not unusual for students to compose entire papers in the incorrect format. It's critical that you find out who is actually reading and grading your papers since they're the ones that you wish to impress. A research paper outline template is an easy tool to establish and to utilize. How to Write a Paper in College - Dead or Alive? Since there are various approaches to writing paper, you ought to know exactly which kind of essay you're predicted to write. The debut of your college essay lays the groundwork for the remainder of the essay. Now you know how to write a college essay, we've got a whole lot more specific resources for you to excel. The college essay may be the most frequently encountered sort of paper you'll write in the early portion of college. Next, you are going to determine how to make an intriguing essay that shows off your distinctive perspective and write many drafts to be able to hone your structure and language. After the work by means of your thesis statement is completed, begin to consider your essay organization. The next thing to do is to go through your thoughts and determine which one is going to result in the strongest essay. If, on the flip side, you have more than 1 idea you love, consider whether any of them may be used for different essays you have to write. The War Against How to Write a Paper in College After all, admissions officers are essentially just people who you wish to get to know you. Also, remember that numerous men and women, even teachers, might not be acquainted with what colleges search for in an essay. CCU students also have the extra bonus of being in a position to gain from CCU's Subject Guides. There are students around who enjoy visiting the library, and they're able to still do so.

The Need for a Resilient Agricultural System - 1064 Words

Climate change and the diminishing of the natural resource base caused by human activity to provide their needs and satisfy their insatiable appetite for more things as well as the pressure on the nature caused by population increase has necessitated the need for such behaviors and activities as will assist man to cope in this situation. These behaviors and activities to cope are called resilience and Walker and Salt (2006) defined resilience as the ability of a system to absorb disturbance and still retain its basic function and structure. To reach to this resilience level, there is need for redesigning of the use of the natural resource base in a manner that will ensure its sustainability. One of the systems that depend on the use of natural resource base for its total thriving is the agricultural system. The extent to which an agricultural system is resilient depends solely upon the practices used to extract benefits from the system, that is, to improve productivity. It is theref ore imperative to ensure that farmers employ sustainable practices, stakeholders put in measures that promote these sustainable practices and policies be developed that support the sustainable practices. Nevertheless, there are other various drivers and disturbances that impact on agricultural system apart from the unsustainable practices and these drivers also determine the level at which the agricultural system will be resilient. In this paper, I will discuss the agricultural system and itsShow MoreRelatedFamily Farming : A New Generation Mode Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesof climatic conditions, land usage, soil composition, water availability, crop variety, livestock breeds etc. are the additional factors that are making the farming more challenging and risky. Table 2: Supply-Demand Differences of Major Indian Agricultural Commodities with Projections Commodities/ Years 2011-12 to 2013-14 Average (MT) 2024-25 (MT) Growth rate (Average % ∆) 2000 -12 2012 – 2024(P) Rice 10.2 8.3 0.1 -0.2 Wheat 5.4 2.7 -0.2 -0.3 Corn 4.6 1.5 1.8 -1.6 Cotton 1.7 1.9 3.9 -0.4 SoybeansRead MoreThe Debate Over Organic Certification For Aquatic Animals1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthe â€Å"non-dualistic† qualities of organic farming, meaning that the processes inflicted by humans on natural systems are ecologically sustainable and non-harmful (218). However, in a world where conventionalization happens overnight, the Organic movement must resist this force if it wants to keep it’s distinctive values from becoming indistinguishable from those of the conventional agricultural movements. Furthermore, the organic identity will be misrepresented when Organic products are standardisedRead MoreThe Hunger Of Hunger And Malnutrition1429 Words   |  6 Pagesfood to grow. As the demand for agricultural products is increasing, it is estimated that, in the next 35 years the amount of food produced will be much more than that in history, all this is based on the projection that, world population will increase, and that rising incomes will continue to change diets. This will lead to sustainable intensification (SI) of agriculture on the land that is available (i.e. we will need to produce more without expanding the agricultural area). Food production is reliantRead MoreThe Dangers Of Hunger And Malnutrition1432 Words   |  6 Pagesfood to grow. As the demand for agricultural products is increasing, it is estimated that, in the next 35 years the amount of food produced will be much more than that in history, all this is based on the projection that, world population will increase, and that rising incomes will continue to change diets. This will lead to sustainable intensification (SI) of agriculture on the land that is available (i.e. we will need to produce more without expanding the agricultural area). Food production is reliantRead MoreIs It Possible to Restore a Balance between the Conservation of the Natural Environment and the Growing Global Needs of Humans620 Words   |  3 Pagesbeginning to realise that that these bio- systems can not be conserved just through the protection of critical areas alone. A new solution whos potential hasn’t been fully taken advantage of until now is ecological restoration which is a process whereby not only the recovery of eco systems that have been degraded damaged or destroyed are looked at but also the human influences that surround them. In order for ecological restoration to be effective it needs to pay attention to four main aspects namely:Read MoreContemporary Cities Methods Of Resilience1202 Words   |  5 Pageslosses. (too big to flood) These different methods will be analysed to understand if they are successful methods of mitigation, which will be dependent upon each individual country. The role of the government will be crucial in making cities more resilient. Cuba is a hazard hotspot, being hit by a major hurricane every few years, however 6 of these hurricanes resulted in the death of only 16 people. This is because of the government’s commitment to reducing the impact of disasters upon humanity. TheyRead MoreThe Problem Of The Crisis Of Bundelkhand Region Is Affected By The Menace Of Droughts Since Over A Decade990 Words   |  4 Pagesof people making their survival a challenge. Thus, the region is seriously in need of drought relief work to prevent the affect of famine which leads to agricultural distress, migration and suicide but the irony is, no state of action has been taken adequately yet. At aggregate level setting a unified constitutional legal and institutional support for monitoring the drought is required followed by an early warning system, relief measures with monetary and fiscal support. The article opines that waterRead MoreEconomic And P olitical Inequalities Of America1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmostly federal subsidies. Because they are making such nominal hourly wages these services are essential for the well-being of the American public. Workers and consumers alike are encapsulated within this system, with the Walton family even controlling a large portion of the region’s banking system. Jim Walton, son of Sam Walton, controls 96% of Arvest Bank. His father and mother purchased the Bank of Bentonville in 1961 when it had a holding of approximately $3.5 million. Today, it controls over $15Read MoreEnergy, Water, And Food802 Words   |  4 Pagesare interdependent on one another. Water is the main contributor for the production of agriculture along with other food substances. The distribution of water is reliant on energy. Energy is used to pump water from the ground. Water is used in agricultural irrigation and energy is used to harvest the crops for food. All three sectors are indicators of a strong soci ety. The relationships between these three sectors come with a cost. High amounts of energy are used to extract water. Extraction is bothRead MoreThe Effect Of Coffee Rust Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pageshow to use the land and regenerate their crops (Wakefield 2015). A few promising solutions exist for mitigating the effects of coffee rust. A few of them include government support, management options, improved technology and information sharing systems, and changing social perceptions of coffee. One possible way to indirectly prevent coffee rust from spreading to epidemic levels is for the government to provide some support to farmers. Government subsidies for seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides